Ocean waves are formed as wind blows across the surface of the ocean, creating small ripples, which eventually become waves with increasing time and distance. Stewart, in Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition), 2008 Abstract The forcing fields are presented in Table 22.1.Ĭ.A. CHAOS was configured to produce meteorological forcing fields for the hydrological component with a timestep of 1 h. It is noteworthy that WRF-Hydro is used as a framework for connecting atmospheric and hydrologic modeling at the National Water Center of the United States ( Maidment, 2017). WRF-Hydro is currently one of the most growing hydrological models. The advantage of CHAOS is the capability to simulate hydrological processes using the WRF-Hydro version 3.0 ( Gochis et al., 2015) at defined drainage basins. The atmospheric component is two-way coupled with the ocean wave component through the OASIS3-MCT version 3.0 coupler ( Craig et al., 2017 Valcke et al., 2015) to better represent sea surface roughness that plays an important role in the atmospheric surface layer processes offering improvements in forecast skill ( Katsafados et al., 2016, 2017, 2018 Varlas et al., 2018). CHAOS was selected since its atmospheric component offers advanced capabilities in simulating severe weather phenomena ( Cheliotis et al., 2017 Christakos et al., 2014, 2016 Katsafados et al., 2018 Varlas et al., 2018). In the context of this study, CHAOS consists of two components: the atmospheric model WRF-ARW version 4.0 ( Powers et al., 2017 Skamarock et al., 2008 ) and the ocean wave model WAM version 4.5.4 ( Günther & Behrens, 2012 Komen et al., 1994 The Wamdi Group, 1988). The CHAOS modeling system was configured to perform the simulation from November 14 at 1200 UTC to November 15 at 1200 UTC to represent the meteorological conditions during the life cycle of the severe storm that occurred early in the morning on November 15.
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